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After the 10th century, Muslim Central Asian nomadic clans, using swift-horse cavalry and raising vast armies united by ethnicity, repeatedly overran South Asia's north-western plains,r leading eventually to the establishment of the Islamic Delhi Sultanate in 1206. Temple towns of various sizes began to appear everywhere as India underwent another urbanisation. The Indian early medieval age, from 600 to 1200 CE, was defined by regional kingdoms and cultural diversity. By the 4th and 5th centuries, the Gupta Empire had created a complex system of administration and taxation in the greater Ganges Plain; this system became a model for later Indian kingdoms.

The promulgation of the Indian constitution transformed India into a republic within the Commonwealth. An Indian institution recommended by the constitution is the panchayat or village committees. The federal structure was conspicuous for the strength of the central government, which exclusively exercised control of defence, foreign affairs, railways, ports, and currency.

Many British institutions stayed in place (such as the parliamentary system of government); English continued to be a widely used lingua franca; and India remained within the Commonwealth. Direct administration by the British, which began in 1858, effected a political and economic unification of the subcontinent. Eventually, some of those raiders stayed; by the 13th century much of the subcontinent was under Muslim rule, and the number of Muslims steadily increased.

Fed by diverse resentments and perceptions, including invasive British-style social reforms, harsh land taxes, and summary treatment of some wealthy landowners and princes, the rebellion rocked many regions of northern and central India and shook the foundations of Company rule. India was no longer exporting manufactured goods as it long had, but instead supplying the British Empire with raw materials. By the early 18th century, with the lines between commercial and political dominance being increasingly blurred, several European trading companies, including the English East India Company, had established coastal outposts.

Republic of India

Chronicling the life of the Buddha was central to the beginnings of recorded history in India. A second urbanisation had taken place in South Asia by 400 BCE, this time on the Ganges plain. The settling of the Ganges river plain took place during the next millennium, when large swathes of the river system's adjoining regions were deforested, at times by setting fires, or later by employing iron implements, and prepared for agriculture. Between 1500 BCE and 1200 BCE, an archaic form of Sanskrit, an Indo-European language, diffused into India from the northwest. Evidence for the neolithic period in the western margins of the Indus river basin, at Mehrgarh in Balochistan, Pakistan, dates to after 7000 BCE.

India Today reports from Tehran as Iran marks 47th Islamic revolution anniversary

Towards the end of the 20th century, innovations in British South Asian music and dance, such as Post-Bhangra, fed back into dance in India. Dance has been an essential aspect of Indian films from the first talkies of the 1930s. Examples are dance-dramas based on the ancient Indian animal fables, Panchatantra, and Nehru's mid-century meditation on Indian history, The Discovery of India. Their sponsorship and promotion, however, has continued in secular, modern India.aa India also has local and modern dance traditions.

At the end of 2011, the Indian IT industry employed 2.8 million professionals, generated revenues close to US$100 billion equalling 7.5% of Indian GDP, and contributed 26% of India's merchandise exports. Some 431 million Indians have left poverty since 1985; India's middle classes are projected to number around 580 million by 2030. India's foreign exchange remittances of US$100 billion in 2022, highest in the world, were contributed to its economy by 32 million Indians working in foreign countries. An acute balance of payments crisis in 1991 forced the nation to liberalise its economy; since then, it has moved increasingly towards a free-market system by emphasising both foreign trade and direct investment inflows.

According to an Indian government study, an additional 21 million girls are unwanted and do not receive adequate care. With an estimated 1,428,627,663 residents in 2023, India is the world's most populous country. The country's usage of coal is a major cause of India's greenhouse gas emissions, but its renewable energy is growing. In 2022, India became the world's third-largest vehicle market after China and the United States, surpassing Japan. The Indian automotive industry, the world's second-fastest growing, increased domestic sales by 26% during 2009–2010, and exports by 36% during 2008–2009. Averaging an economic growth rate of 7.5% for several years before 2007, India has more than doubled its hourly wage rates during the first decade of the 21st century.

The most significant import of cooking techniques into India during the last millennium occurred during the Mughal Empire, spreading into northern India from regions to its northwest, along with dishes such as pilaf. India has distinctive vegetarian cuisines, each a feature of the geographical and cultural histories of its adherents. The foundation of a typical Indian meal is a cereal cooked plainly and complemented with savoury dishes. The traditional shalwar kameez is rarely worn by younger urban women, who favour churidars or jeans.

Filmi is music written for Indian cinema, generally composed by music directors and sung by playback singers. Indian classical music has Vedic origins, and split in the 13th century into the two main traditions of Hindustani and Carnatic music. India contains a wide array of musical practices, including many different folk musics from different regions. A later landmark in Indian mathematics was the development of the series expansions for trigonometric functions (sine, cosine, and arc tangent) by mathematicians of the Kerala school in the 15th century CE. Trigonometry was further advanced in India, and the modern definitions of sine and cosine were developed there.

Pulses are a politically sensitive sector in India, the world’s largest producer and consumer of the crop, which includes lentils, chickpeas, and dry beans. It comes even as the Trump administration revised its factsheet on the India-US trade deal. Last week, the textile exporters rejoiced after India and the US reached a trade deal, with Trump reducing tariffs to 18% from a crippling 50%. Notably, the US is the top market for India's textile exports, and 30% of all textile and apparel shipments from the country reach American shores. Hitting out at the Leader of the Opposition, Goyal said, "He spread another lie in the Parliament that Bangladesh has got more benefits from the trade (deal) than India."

Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;k China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. "The Indians have been reducing their purchases of Russian oil and diversifying away, which is what we wanted them to do. India has increased imports of US energy," he told lawmakers. At a hearing on South and Central Asia, Republican Congressman Keith Self pressed the Trump administration on whether Russian energy revenues were still indirectly financing the war in Ukraine through continued trade with India. India already removed its 6% equalisation levy on digital advertising services effective April 1, 2025, through the Finance Bill 2025—nearly 10 months before the trade framework was announced. The White House also removed the assertion that India “will remove its digital services taxes,” with the revised version only stating India “committed to negotiate” digital trade rules.

• The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the north, creating a broad language familiy-divide, with the Indo-Aryan languages being spoken mainly in the north and west, and the Dravidian in some parts of east India and most of the south.
• Increasing access to electricity and clean cooking with liquefied petroleum gas have been priorities for energy in India.
• “The benefit is not only that the public is happy or that young people who play cricket are happy; it also increases business and public interest,” said cricket fan Rai Fayaz.

India's defining geologic processes began approximately 70 million years ago, when the Indian Plate, then part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana, began a north-eastward drift caused by seafloor spreading to its south-west, and later, south and south-east. After the rebellion was suppressed in 1858, the East India Company was disbanded, and the British government began to directly administer India. By this time, with its economic power severely curtailed by the British parliament and having effectively been made an arm of British administration, the East India Company began more consciously to enter non-economic arenas, including education, social reform, and culture. Expanding commerce during Mughal rule gave rise to new Indian commercial and political elites along the coasts of southern and eastern India.

The Navy is also set for an upgrade with clearance for 04 MW Marine Gas Turbine based Electric Power Generator and P8I Long Range Maritime Reconnaissance Aircraft. The overhaul of vehicle platforms of ARVs, T-72 Tanks and BMP-II will enhance service life of equipment ensuring readiness and operational effectiveness of the Indian Army,” the ministry said in its statement. Apart from the upgrade for the IAF, proposals have also been cleared for the Indian Army for procurement of Anti-Tank Mines (Vibhav) and overhaul of Vehicle Platforms of Armoured Recovery Vehicles (ARVs), T-72 Tanks and Infantry Combat Vehicles (BMP-II). The Indian Air Force's fighter squadron strength has come down to 29 in recent months, which is below the approved number of 42. The approval for procurement of the Rafale jets came just four days ahead of French President Emmanuel Macron's visit to India. India, citing energy security needs, ramped up purchases of discounted Russian crude in the early phase of the war.

The resulting Delhi Sultanate drew northern India into the cosmopolitan networks of medieval Islam. In the early centuries of the 2nd millennium Muslim armies from Central Asia intermittently overran India's northern plains. India's pre-existing Dravidian languages were supplanted Bet 365 India in the northern regions. By 1200 BCE, an archaic form of Sanskrit, an Indo-European language, had diffused into India from the northwest.

All states, as well as the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir, Puducherry and the National Capital Territory of Delhi, have elected legislatures and governments following the Westminster system. It has the power to both strike down union or state laws which contravene the constitution and invalidate any government action it deems unconstitutional. India has a three-tier unitary independent judiciary comprising the supreme court, headed by the Chief Justice of India, 25 high courts, and a large number of trial courts. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of one of the houses of parliament. Appointed by the president, the prime minister is supported by the party or political alliance with a majority of seats in the lower house of parliament.

The Constitution of India was drafted by the Constituent Assembly of India with uncommon speed and absence of irregularities between 1946 and 1949. After losing the majority in the 2024 general election, the BJP formed a coalition government with its NDA partners. Singh became the first prime minister to be re-elected after Jawaharlal Nehru in 1962. Congress emerged as the largest single party and formed a coalition, the United Progressive Alliance (UPA). United Front coalition governments followed, which relied on external political support, H. In 1996, the BJP briefly formed a government after winning the general election.

Indian nationalist leader Mahatma Gandhi with Viceroy of India Lord Mountbatten and his wife in 1947 FM radio stations are plentiful but only public All India Radio can produce news. India has a burgeoning media industry, with broadcast, print and digital media experiencing tremendous growth. Since India's partition and the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the nuclear-armed neighbours have fought two wars over the Muslim-majority territory, which both claim in full but control in part. The Himalayan region of Kashmir has been a flashpoint between India and Pakistan for over six decades.

At the same time, both the Trump administration and American companies are rolling back policies that support working parents. That’s a result of both opportunity (“You can’t get pregnant by email,” Bloom told me) and availability (less time commuting equals more time for parenting). The on-again-off-again Trump ally Elon Musk, father of at least 14, has warned that “civilisation will disappear” if we don’t get busy.

Embracing a strong Shaivite tradition and building upon the military technology of the sultanate, the empire came to control much of peninsular India, and was to influence South Indian society for long afterwards. Although at first disruptive for the Indian elites, the sultanate largely left its vast non-Muslim subject population to its own laws and customs. By the 8th and 9th centuries, the effects were felt in Southeast Asia, as South Indian culture and political systems were exported to lands that became part of modern-day Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Brunei, Cambodia, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Indian royalty, big and small, and the temples they patronised drew citizens in significant numbers to the capital cities, which became economic hubs as well.